Born in 1759 into a poor family in southern Sweden, Anders Ljungstedt moved to Guangzhou in 1798 at the age of 39 to work in the China trade. After making a fortune, he wrote the first history of Macao, where he spent the last 20 years of his life.He moved to Macao in 1815 where he spent his remaining years and never returned to Sweden.
In Macao, he worked as a merchant and writer. In 1820 the King of Sweden appointed him as the countrys first consul-general in China and awarded him the Order of Vasa. He began to develop an interest in history, the field in which he left his greatest legacy. He spoke and read English, French, Dutch and Spanish as well as Swedish, and spoke Cantonese and Mandarin but could not read Chinese easily. In Macao, he learnt Portuguese, to the point that he could read old documents and write letters in the language.
In 1832, Ljungstedt published 'An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China & Description of the City of Canton', the first comprehensive history of Macao. How he did it?
He became friend of a Portuguese priest named Dom Joaquim de Sousa Saraiva, who had arrived in Macao in 1804, with the intention of going to Beijing to serve as an assistant to the Bishop of Beijing. But he could not go because of the persecution of the church, and instead remained in Macao for the rest of his life as a professor at St Josephs Seminary. Saraiva collected many documents from the Macao Archives in order to write the history of Macao. However, he decided in the end to let Ljungstedt write the book in place of him. In the preface, Ljungstedt acknowledged his debt to his Portuguese friend.
In Macao, he worked as a merchant and writer. In 1820 the King of Sweden appointed him as the countrys first consul-general in China and awarded him the Order of Vasa. He began to develop an interest in history, the field in which he left his greatest legacy. He spoke and read English, French, Dutch and Spanish as well as Swedish, and spoke Cantonese and Mandarin but could not read Chinese easily. In Macao, he learnt Portuguese, to the point that he could read old documents and write letters in the language.
In 1832, Ljungstedt published 'An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China & Description of the City of Canton', the first comprehensive history of Macao. How he did it?
He became friend of a Portuguese priest named Dom Joaquim de Sousa Saraiva, who had arrived in Macao in 1804, with the intention of going to Beijing to serve as an assistant to the Bishop of Beijing. But he could not go because of the persecution of the church, and instead remained in Macao for the rest of his life as a professor at St Josephs Seminary. Saraiva collected many documents from the Macao Archives in order to write the history of Macao. However, he decided in the end to let Ljungstedt write the book in place of him. In the preface, Ljungstedt acknowledged his debt to his Portuguese friend.
Índice da edição de 1836 do "Historical Sketch..."
The book was published in English in Macao in 1832. On November 10, 1835, he died there, alone. In 1836, James Munroe, a publishing house in Boston, brought out a collection of his works. In 1992, a new edition appeared by Viking Publications of Hong Kong, edited by Bengt Johansson, who was then the Swedish consul there. A Chinese edition appeared in 1997.
By writting Macau's first history book, Macao became internationally known. One of the most controversial statements in Ljungstedts book was that, based on historical documents, Macao had always been Chinese territory and that the Emperor had never given it to Portugal. For this, he was fiercely attacked by Portuguese historians, who insisted that the Emperor had ceded the territory to Lisbon. History proved Ljungstedt to be correct.
Anders Ljungstedt is buried in the Protestant cemetery in Macao. He is also remembered in a large secondary school, named after him, which he established in his native Linkoping. In Macau there is also a street named after him.
By writting Macau's first history book, Macao became internationally known. One of the most controversial statements in Ljungstedts book was that, based on historical documents, Macao had always been Chinese territory and that the Emperor had never given it to Portugal. For this, he was fiercely attacked by Portuguese historians, who insisted that the Emperor had ceded the territory to Lisbon. History proved Ljungstedt to be correct.
Anders Ljungstedt is buried in the Protestant cemetery in Macao. He is also remembered in a large secondary school, named after him, which he established in his native Linkoping. In Macau there is also a street named after him.
Ljungstedt also had a Chinese name (Long Si Tai. Long means dragon, a symbol of China, Si means thinking and Tai means peaceful.)
Em 2016 o jornalista e investigador João Guedes referiu-se assim a este historiador sueco no jornal O Clarim:
«Sendo um dos mais importantes, se não mesmo o mais importante elemento da comunidade comercial sueca por estas paragens, Ljungstedt não se limitava às suas actividades comerciais, pois mantinha relações de carácter político e de representação do seu país junto, não só das autoridades portuguesas, mas também das influentes comunidades inglesa e americana que exerciam actividades no Delta do Rio das Pérolas», disse a’O CLARIM o jornalista e investigador João Guedes.
«Neste âmbito, e ao que parece a pedido dos comerciantes americanos, iniciou um projecto destinado a estabelecer a legitimidade histórica da presença portuguesa em Macau. Para esse efeito, Ljungstedt contou com o precioso auxílio do bispo de Pequim, D. Joaquim de Sousa Saraiva», prelado que «escalou em Macau, em 1805, com destino à diocese de Pequim».
«As autoridades imperiais da China, no entanto, impediram que tomasse posse do cargo, pelo que teve de ficar a aguardar alguns anos em Macau [até ter] autorização imperial para o efeito. Durante esse período D. Joaquim dedicou-se a recolher e estudar os manuscritas que se encontravam nos arquivos da diocese macaense com o intuito de, tal como Ljungstedt, fazer uma história de Macau», explicou João Guedes.
«Diga-se, entretanto, que ambos estabeleceram relações de interesse mútuo pelo passado local, o que levou a que o bispo português acabasse por facultar, e provavelmente traduzir para Inglês, muita da documentação que tinha coligido e que facultou a Ljungstedt», continuou.
D. Joaquim chegaria a concluir a tarefa em que se empenhara, por «nunca ter publicado a sua almejada história de Macau». Ljungstedt, por seu turno, «publicaria um profundo estudo sobre a cidade, baseado nos manuscritos de D. Joaquim», que «acabaria por se constituir como a primeira história do Território».
«Este estudo viria a ser dado ao prelo em Boston, nos Estados Unidos, em 1836, com o título “An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China and the Roman Catholic Church and Missions in China & Description of the City of Canton”», recordou, acrescentando que «Ljungstedt viria a ser acusado de tentar, com aquela obra, minar a presença portuguesa em Macau, ao concluir pela inexistência de provas documentais sobre a alegada oferta de Macau a Portugal pela China em troca do auxílio na luta contra os piratas».
Excerto da edição
"Thopographical description
Macao is situated 22 deg 11 min 30 sec north latitude and 11 deg 32 min 30 sec east of Greenwich on a rocky peninsula renowned long before the Portqguese settled on it for its safe harbor; then by foreign writers denominated Ama-ngao, port of Ama in reference to an idol temple near the Bar Fort, the goddess of which is called Ama. In 1583 the Portuguese gave it the name "Porto de nome de Deos" and "Porto de Amacao" the etymology of Macao. Later it was also called Cidade do nome de Deos do porto Macao" at present it is "Cidade do Santo Nome de Deos de Macao". "
Sugestão de leitura:
“Anders Ljungstedt och breven från Kina”, em português, “Anders Ljungstedt e as Cartas da China", editado em 2015 pela Fundação Macau.
O livro tem 20 capítulos que cobrem parte da vida pessoal entre 1798 e 1835, nomeadamente a partida de Linköping para a Rússia e, posteriormente, da Suécia para Cantão e, mais tarde, para Macau. Ao longo destes anos, as suas funções foram mudando, tendo passado de Agente Comercial na Companhia Sueca da Índia Oriental para a seu último posto como Cônsul-Geral de Suécia na China. O livro original foi escrito em sueco e é de autoria de Harry Hellberg, antigo director da Escola Secundária Anders Ljungstedt de Linköping.
“Anders Ljungstedt och breven från Kina”, em português, “Anders Ljungstedt e as Cartas da China", editado em 2015 pela Fundação Macau.
O livro tem 20 capítulos que cobrem parte da vida pessoal entre 1798 e 1835, nomeadamente a partida de Linköping para a Rússia e, posteriormente, da Suécia para Cantão e, mais tarde, para Macau. Ao longo destes anos, as suas funções foram mudando, tendo passado de Agente Comercial na Companhia Sueca da Índia Oriental para a seu último posto como Cônsul-Geral de Suécia na China. O livro original foi escrito em sueco e é de autoria de Harry Hellberg, antigo director da Escola Secundária Anders Ljungstedt de Linköping.
A tradução do livro para chinês é da autoria de Wang Mengda, a primeira estudiosa visitante da China no Museu Municipal de Goteborg, na Suécia.
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